Crossword-Solution: FUMAROLE 8 letters, 7 clues 🏆 scrabble score: 13

This phenomenon, which appeared marvellous and inexplicable when I first observed it in 1855, is now very easily understood; the cooled and hardened crust of the lava fractures with noise and suddenly, and so a new communication is opened with the incandescent lava below, thus creating a new fumarole.

But if the fumarole continues active, hydrochloric acid issues with the smoke, and often some time after sulphuric acid.

Even the iron found in the bombs is evidently transported; there is a fumarole on the ridge of the lava in the Fossa di Faraone which contains micaceous peroxide of iron, and this, at first sight, appears to oppose what I have affirmed; nevertheless, it gives additional force to my statement.

Oxide of copper forms sublimates at the beginning, at the same time as the sea-salt; and if the fumarole be anhydrous or, as Deville would say, _dry_, this oxide does not change into either a chloride or a sulphate; but if the fumarole gives watery vapour, after a little hydrochloric acid is formed, which changes the oxide into a chloride, and if whilst this is going on oxide of lead be developed, it is changed into the chloride of lead, so frequently found in combination with chloride of copper.

Sometimes the yellow colour remains longer, and in time changes to green; this also happens on the fumarole itself, the green commencing at the zones furthest removed from the centre, where the temperature is highest.